Cervical cancer is the cancer of the cervix, the lowest part of the uterus. When cancer cells in the cervix grow in large numbers, they spread to nearby tissues and then to the rest of the body. Cancer is a progressive disease where cells grow abnormally in large masses called tumors. Following are the causes of cervical cancer and factors that increase its risk.

1. HPV infection
Though one of the most common causes of cervical cancer is infection from a virus called HPV (Human Papillomavirus), it is important to understand that not all women with HPV will get cancer. But all cervical cancer has been attributed to the presence of the HPV virus. In most cases, the HPV clears away itself; however, some HPV infections can lead to cancer.

2. Sexual activity
The greater the number of sexual partners, the greater is the chance of getting a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Having sex at an early age, especially earlier than 18 years, also increases the risk of cervical cancer. Having a sexual partner who is at risk of HPV infection increases the risk of cervical cancer.

3. Sexually transmitted infection
STIs can cause HPV, which treatable but is hard to diagnose, as it does not show any symptoms. Also, other STIs such as gonorrhea, HIV, and syphilis that increase the risk of HPV can cause cervical cancer.

4. Smoking
Smokers are at a higher risk of developing cervical cancer as their immune system is weakened. Smoke from tobacco contains chemicals that can damage the DNA of the cervix and cause cervical cancer.

5. Herpes
Women with herpes in the genital area are at a greater risk of getting cervical cancer.

6. Oral contraceptives
Oral contraceptives or birth control pills can increase the risk of cervical cancer. This may be due to higher sexual activity. However, there has been no substantial evidence in this regard.

7. Weak immune system
Any condition that weakens the immune system heightens the risk of developing cervical cancer. Certain factors that can reduce the immunity levels are Hodgkin lymphoma, corticosteroid medications, an organ transplant, or HIV infection that causes AIDS. When a person has compromised immunity, they will not be able to fight cancer.

8. Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES)
DES as a drug was used from 1940 to the 1970s. Women whose mothers were given this drug to prevent miscarriage during pregnancy are at a greater risk of developing cervical cancer. They should go in for annual cervical Pap tests to check for abnormal cell growth in the cervix.

Some of the risk factors can be avoided, like smoking or HPV, but factors such as family history and age cannot be evaded. Therefore, it is vital to talk to your health care practitioner and undergo regular screening tests if you are at any risk of developing cervical cancer.